The Meaning of the Surname Pierce

The Meaning of the Surname Pierce The Pierce family name was adjusted from the given name Piers,â a deduction of Peter, which means rock, from the Old French pierre (Latin petra), which means stone or rock. The name most regularly determined as a surnameâ meaning child or relative of Piers or Peter. Be that as it may, it might likewise have been presented or picked as a topographic name for somebody who lived in a rough zone, or as a word related name for a quarryman or stone mason.â Popular People with the Pierce Surname Franklin Pierceâ -fourteenth leader of the United StatesWendell Pierce -  American grant winning actorBarbara Pierce Bushâ - wife of George H.W. Shrubbery, 41st leader of the United StatesGeorge Washington Pierce - Harvard educator of physics; inventorNat Pierceâ -American jazz pianistMarvin Pierce - American distributer; leader of McCall Corporation Where the Pierce Surname Is Most Common As indicated by family name dissemination from Forebears, the Pierce last name is generally regular in the United States, where it positions among the best 200 last names in the nation. It is likewise to some degree basic in Wales (positions 350th) and Ireland (581st). Inside Ireland, Pierce is most usually found in Wexford, Carlow and Kerry. WorldNames PublicProfiler demonstrates a comparable dispersion, with the best level of people named Pierce found all through the United States. The name is particularly regular in the southeast, including Mississippi, Arkansas, Tennessee, Texas, Alabama, North Carolina and Georgia. Family history Resources for the Surname Pierce Pierce Family Crest - Its Not What You Think: Contrary to what you may hear, there is nothing of the sort as a Pierceâ family peak or emblem for the Pierce surname. Coats of arms are allowed to people, not families, and may legitimately be utilized distinctly by the continuous male line relatives of the individual to whom the escutcheon was initially conceded. The Pierce DNA Project - Southern US: Individuals with the Pierceâ surname, and variations, for example, Pearce, Peirce, Pearse, Pierse, and Percy, with progenitors from southern U.S. statesâ are welcomed to take an interest in this gathering DNA venture trying to become familiar with southern Pierce family roots. The site remembers data for the undertaking, the examination done to date, and directions on the best way to take part. PIERCE Family Genealogy Forum: This free message board is centered around relatives of Pierceâ ancestors around the globe. FamilySearch - Pierce Genealogy: Explore over 4â million outcomes from digitizedâ historical records and ancestry connected family trees identified with the Pierce last name on this free site facilitated by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Pierce Surname Mailing List: Free mailing list for analysts of the Pierceâ surname and its varieties incorporates membership subtleties and an accessible files of past messages. DistantCousin.com - Pierce Genealogy Family History: Explore free databases and parentage joins for the last name Pierce. GeneaNet - Pierce Records: GeneaNet incorporates authentic records, family trees, and different assets for people with the Pierceâ surname, with a fixation on records and families from France and other European nations. The Pierce Genealogy and Family Tree Page: Browse ancestry records and connections to genealogical and authentic records for people with the Pierceâ surname from the site of Genealogy Today. References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David. Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket release), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph. Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H. A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Anthropology-African Religions Free Essays

The underlying foundations of cutting edge Islam were planted several centuries back when the once glad Muslim realm started to be overpowered by expansionist developments overwhelmed by European colonialists. This has prompted a social strife in Muslim world who once used to live at the apex of magnificence saw its quiet internment with the resigned oppression of the Islamic Caliphate on account of relentless British armed force in mid twentieth century. While a sizable area of the Muslims decided to follow the way appeared by incredible legislator like Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, many kept on being rotted by the injuries of embarrassment. We will compose a custom exposition test on Humanities African Religions or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now Presently Muslims in numerous nations are hoping to reassert themselves after a significant stretch of mortification and persecution, now and again on account of outsiders and once in a while on account of their own pioneers. In opposition to mainstream thinking, Muslims are not a solid gathering, nor there is any unified authority inside Islam. The Islamic development from its introduction to the world has experienced discussions and counter discussions. Aside from the Shahadah (God is one and Mohammad is his flag-bearer) and the five obligatory obligations (Hajj, Zakat, Roza, Namaz and Shahadah) everything else in Islam has been exposed to profound investigation and examination with the outcome that numerous schools of contemplations continued showing up and vanishing. That is the reason logical inconsistencies are clear to individuals both inside and outside the Muslim people group. The orientalists, the traditional experts on Islam, have been blamed for being essentialist and uncaring toward the change, exchange, advancement, and decent variety that portrays lived Islam. A few researchers, basically anthropologists, have reacted to the inclination to essentialize by surrendering conceptualizing one â€Å"Islam† and rather have concentrated their request on what they call different â€Å"local Islams.† Others have concentrated on sociological or political-financial methodologies in clarifying the cutting edge types of political and social activism among Muslims to the rejection of â€Å"scriptural† Islam from their examination. (Anjum O., 2007) Islam was brought to Sub-Saharan Africa in any case by means of the exchange courses from the Arab nations and North Africa. The African Muslims have constantly kept up very close connections with the Arab world, from which various reformers came. Be that as it may, Islamisation was basically done by Africans themselves, who had a similar life, communicated in a similar language, lived in the equivalent social world totally. There is no uncertainty that, for African Muslims,  «Africanicity » and Islam are not the slightest bit restricted. For them Islam isn't an imported religion. For some, relinquishing the Muslim religion is proportionate to the dismissal of all their family and ancestral customs, so intermixed are the two socio-strict universes. One must infer that Islam, in its customary African structure, is totally a piece of the African social legacy and hence an African reality. The long dwelling together of Islam with customary African religion has additionally had an impact at the social level. The African dialects are all in all dialects with a solid jargon, somewhat constrained in the declaration of progressively dynamic real factors or increasingly created reflections. With the Arabic language Islam has had the option to fill a hole. Numerous African people groups, some hardly contacted by Islam, have acquired a total dynamic, and particularly strict, jargon from Arabic, without any than the progressions appropriate to the structure of every language. The general accomplishment of Islam might be identified with its similarity with numerous parts of African cultureâ€for model, plural marriage for men, which was restricted by Christian preachers. In any case, Islam was additionally grasped in light of the fact that it gave emblematic distinguishing proof fruitful dealers and voyagers all through the world, and it was viewed as an option in contrast to European religion. Its specialists were dark, and it lectured for the benefit of the individuals who did not have the trappings of Western human advancement. These adjustments of nearby practices by the Islamists isn't just one of a kind in Cã'te d’Ivoire, it has happened world over and assumes a significant job in molding the contemplations and brain procedures of the Muslims. Step by step instructions to refer to Anthropology-African Religions, Papers

Imbibing the Nostalgia Punch

Imbibing the Nostalgia Punch College is generally held to be the last enchanted shore of youth. My decrepit 24-year-old body agrees, its ailing joints creaking their own dirge. I havent revisited these blogs in some time; the public ramblings of some-years-past Rachel are an unintentional time capsule fired naively into the present and, lest MIT spontaneously implode, many more strange and distant future presents. Her energy is unfamiliar (if I got only four hours of sleep tonight Id be out of it for days), her idealism tinged with a deceptive dearth of day to day drudgery (how do you get a washing machine up stairs? why doesnt my apartment have a pot rack?), her undergraduate priorities misaligned with their evolutionary derivatives (improving the resume improving the self). Occasionally, then-me punches now-me in the heart with a blast of nostalgia or inspiration that stings strangely true. Going even further back, posts by bloggers of yore recall prefroshly days, when I shuddered with anxiety over freshman apps or subsequently danced a jig while waiting to be swept away to MIT, then envisioned as a magical rainbow wonderland where all dreams come true, which as I now know could not be more wrong, yet somehow its also heartbreakingly true. Other blog posts recanting the more mundane remind me that in many measurable ways, life is largely the same, just with 10pm-6am work inexplicably relocated to 10am-6pm and careening in the direction of hand-wavy. The day I started writing this post, I wrangled Elasticsearch at work and made dinner with pikan and 5w alums, one of whom sent me this paper on why bubbles sink in a pint glass of Guinness and rise in an anti-pint glass. Its incredible how serendipitously we miniscule wayward dots of humanity stumble across chance Institvte connections across the surface of this planet, incomprehensibly massive on a personal scale yet in turn cosmologically insignificant. (I blame it on Yan and on ultra-dense social subnetworks encouraged by the genius of allowing freshmen to pick their own living groups.) MIT kind of means a lot to me. Not necessarily the literal institution; the four years I personally experienced there occupy a portion of spacetime that is no longer accessible. When I think of this place in space and time, I first think of the long and cramped East Campus hallway that was my home for four years. But thats just a hallway covered in sharpie and ancient murals, with years of dirt and paint and who knows what virulent microbiomes compacted into the carpet. My 5W is not this hallway but the people who moved through it, who are best friends years later; not the murals themselves but the stories and process of painting them; the meals we shared in our wonderful, warm kitchen whose piles of dishes and layers of grime makes even the least fastidious of parents gnash their teeth. Its sneaking into peoples rooms to hide presents in them, and telling ghost stories with only a conflagration of apple cider for light after the first snow of the year, and making each other tea and cookies, and running as fast as possible down the hallway while screaming at the top of our lungs at the stroke of midnight to keep ourselves awake for pset parties. Most freshmen matriculate trailing a glitter cloud of optimism and self-confidence which is slowly reduced to dust over the course of MIT. I was in a pretty dark place before freshman year, and the warm social mold upon which I happened to take root resulted in me growing hilariously more chipper throughout MIT even as my GPA plummeted, such that I was frequently mistaken for a senior as a freshman, and as a freshman while a senior. It was there in Cambridge, Massachusetts beginning August 2008 that I genuinely learned how to be a person. Where I learned how to fail spectacularly (bless you, Pass/No Record), and take it as a learning experience rather than a defeat. Where I discovered it was possible to change myself for the better and take initiative. Where I met people from all different cultures and walks of life and grew into an open mind and a sense of community that discards the superficial, community based on values. Where I met friends who didnt just share interests and humor , but taught me the meaning of the word love with chicken noodle soup and shoulders to cry on and openness and trust. It is all these things, rather than more tangible classics like 8.012 or sleep deprivation, which symbolize MIT to me, and (modulo dementia) they will always be with me.  Luck is a learnable skill  [tldr: be flexible/openminded regarding opportunities], and one I have in that sense, but I also feel really cosmically and/or statistically lucky. This, here, is me now because I stumbled across some blog posts by  Jess,  Mitra, and Sam, and said yes when I got a tube in the mail. Because Chris, TK, Qiaochu, and so many others crossed paths with me in Freshman Arts Program. There are a billion other things I am thankful for, but due to the occasion, it has been especially wonderful to be a part of these blogs. At first I thought keeping a blog would be a silly little narcissistic thing, but being an MIT blogger has been about a hell of a lot more than the stories and cat pictures you post on the internet. Ive worked with Petey on ways to improve admissions or for the most part Petey has told me about ways admissions could be improved. Ive  filmed all of the bloggers getting hit in the face with pies  on a shoestring budget and  shared burritos with Emad and Elizabeth. Slices of memory are preserved here in overwhelming clarity. A warm fuzzy feeling wells up in my heart every time a freshman says my blog helped them choose MIT. These blogs work because the people behind them arent afraid, or at least have overcome their fears, to just pour their hearts out on the internet (rip your heart out with Meltdown  or Its More Than A Job if you havent already). But its the ingenuous frivolities, the little silly life things, that really got me as a prefrosh like in a Redwall book where you guiltily pore over the feast descriptions and then are totally blasé about good triumphing over evil at the end. I grew up in part reading this particular collective of blogs, and since joining it, have often been told it serves as a reminder that every single person you meet, no matter how you may instinctively stereotype them, how nerdy or weird or cool they may seem in brief, is underneath it all a disgustingly, wonderfully, kinda-normal human being a creature of heartbreak, little triumphs, laundry, and camaraderie behind their purple hair and curriculum vitae. Happy blogaversary, dear (nerdy, weird, cool, kinda-normal) humans! Thank you for being here.

Kings And Sovereign Rulers The Dynastic Queen Of The...

Unlike modern monarchs and sovereign rulers, like the dynastic Queen of the United Kingdom, rulers in the ancient Near East rarely served as mere figureheads of governments, consulted solely for ceremonial roles and diplomacy. Though some kings in the ancient Near East inherited their positions, no kings could retain such power in a continuously unstable area without a strong military to protect their holdings and an effective method of ruling the peoples within them. Many kings in the ancient Near East obtained and thereafter maintained their positions of power based on several principal factors: military standing and ability, the scope of their external conquests, and their ability to control their citizens by use of military or monetary force. Some such examples of ancient Near Eastern monarchs include Gilgamesh, Hammurabi, Shalmaneser II, Sennacherib, and King Nebuchadnezzar, men whose rules spanned thousands of years but who all had the aforementioned factors in common. The most common trait amongst these kings is that they were primarily warrior kings, in that they either served personally in the battlefield or sent men into battle with great regularity. The people of Uruk under Gilgamesh lamented at his tendency to defeat their sons in battle, going so far as to say that â€Å"no son was left to his father.†1 Furthermore, all throughout the text of the black obelisk of Shalmaneser, he claimed to capture, conquer, and attack copious locations, then to slay—as with theShow MoreRelatedMonarchy Is The Oldest Form Of Government1657 Words   |  7 PagesMonarchy is the oldest form of government in the United Kingdom. In a monarchy, the king or queen is Head of State (or Sovereign), but the ability to make and pass legislation resides with an elected Parliament. Although the British Sovereign no longer has a political or executive role, he or she continues to play an important part in the life of the nation. The Monarch also has constitut ional and representational duties which have developed over the past one thousand years. In addition to the StateRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesAssociation. D421.E77 2010 909.82—dc22 2009052961 The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992 Printed in the United States of America 2 4 6 8 9 7 5 3 1 C ONTENTS Introduction Michael Adas 1 1 World Migration in the Long Twentieth Century †¢ Jose C. Moya and Adam McKeown 9 †¢ 2 Twentieth-Century Urbanization: In Search of an Urban Paradigm

Meztisos People of Idigenous and European Blood Essay

The late 15th century marked the beginnings of a period of discovery and expansion for Europeans. During these years of discovery, great forces behind drive for expansion existed. The Spanish and Portugueses main forces included: the lust for the wealth of gold and silver, the acquisition of new lands which brought nobility, and the spread of their Christian based religion. The Spanish and Portuguese conquest of Latin America provides us with insight of these drives in the ultimate search for power. Unfortunately, these motives caused a European-Indigenous syncretism that virtually changed the native peoples way of life. Ultimately, syncretism meant survival for Native Americans in a world where their way of life did not suit the life†¦show more content†¦103) Ambitious conquistadores, along with there kings, could not pass up taking advantage of a society so rich and plentiful. Thus the conquest began, resulting in the death of over 1 million indigenous peoples lives by war or by plague. This conquest then opened the door for massive European immigration and colonization in the Americas, which then resulted in a racial syncretism of European and Native blood. Although European were procreating with native blood, they continually sought out the fairest skinned indigenous woman, for in their culture the whiter the skin, the higher class ranking you appeared to come from. These offspring came to be known as mestizos. Because these people were part meztiso, and were aware of indigenous views, these people would eventually fight for independence from their transatlantic predecessors. This type of syncretism was almost a necessity for the survival of native peoples. Up until this point, thousands of natives were being wiped out by the plagues brought by the Europeans. However, with the appearance of the meztiso, better immune systems were being developed among the indigenous populations, which diminished the indigenous death rate due to disease. Furthermore, this cla ss of people contributed largely to the initial independence movements against

Are Youths Self Centered Free Essays

Consider the criticism leveled at young people that their only values are self centered ones. There has been a biggest drop in empathy in recent history. â€Å"College kids today are about 40 percent lower in empathy than their counterparts of 20 or 30 years ago. We will write a custom essay sample on Are Youths Self Centered? or any similar topic only for you Order Now † Self-centeredness is caring only about oneself and one’s own needs. Having a large proportion of self-centered young people would have a great impact on the society as the young people would be the future of the nation. That would mean a generation of self centered individuals all over the country. Not to mention the values these individuals would impart to their offspring. But is this criticism valid? I do not agree that the criticism is valid. In this essay, I will be touching on two key points. Firstly, young people are just trying to find their own paths. Secondly, young people are still transitioning from children to adulthood. Young people are still in the process of finding their own paths. Young people are taught to trust their own judgment, make their own decisions, fight for their belief, be themselves and persevere. However, in the process of that, young people are stopped and questioned of their actions. While defending for their actions that they have trusted and believed in, they get misunderstood for being self-centered and self- absorbed. Young people seem self-centered but in actual fact, they cannot find out about themselves unless they pay attention to themselves and do things for themselves. That is how they learn their preferences, dreams, goals and passions. For example, young people have faced criticisms that they are self-centered and friend-centered. However, they are closer with their friends, as they understand better their needs, preferences and dreams as they are in the same age group. They aid each other in finding out about themselves. There are many things that have changed since parent’s time of teen-hood and they may not understand the challenges posed to young people now. Therefore, young people seem like they are acting self-centered as they are just in the process of finding their own paths. Secondly, young people are still transitioning from children to adulthood. Young adults are facing many different emotions, needs, hormones, excitement and anxiety. In order to face these new feelings, they need energy and attention. This may result in the misconception of self-centeredness when the individual is trying to sate their own feelings. The teen period is a time of transition from the security of the small child to the adult world. For example, physical changes in the body like menstruation and voice deepening is a very frightening and confusing change, and in process of dealing with these changes, physically and mentally, suddenly, what is to be understood and secure has changed. New rules have been set. All these new details start to form mountains and it leads the individual to think, â€Å"So what exactly am I suppose to do? † As a result, they turn their attention to themselves and get misunderstood as being self-centered. Therefore, young people seem like they are acting self-centered as they are still transitioning from children to adulthood. How to cite Are Youths Self Centered?, Papers

The Ancient Mariner Essay Example

The Ancient Mariner Essay The idea that we could run out of water here on Earth, the blue planet, where 71% of the surface is covered by the oceans (Lomberg, 2001) may seem to some to be a ridiculous notion. However, this omnipresent resource, omnipotent over humans and all life forms, is not always fit for consumption as suggested in The Ancient Mariner. We must first understand that when we talk about humans and other life forms the key resource required is freshwater and this particular portion of the hydrosphere amounts to just 0.65% (excluding glaciers and the polar ice caps which amount to 2.15% (Strahler Strahler, 2000)) of which 0.62% is groundwater (Lomberg, 2001).Further, not all of this freshwater is accessible to us for use so in reality we are talking about the metaphoric drop in the ocean in terms of usable, accessible freshwater as a resource. This self-renewing resource that in total remains a fixed amount segregated into varying portions moving through the reservoirs of the closed system of the hydrological cycle can not in theory run out. But perhaps we can begin to understand how the small section that is important to us may be over exploited or made unusable by human intervention and the concerns this raises for all of us.Water as a resourceWhen 1.1 billion people (Wood, 2003) lack access to potable drinking water have we in fact already run out of water? Ask the same of someone from certain parts of Canada and you could be fairly certain the response would be different. Freshwater is a resource of strong temporal and geographical variations that does not always correlate well with the human population. Asia, for example, receives 36 percent of global runoff but is home to 60 percent of the worlds people; South America, on the other hand, supports 6 percent of the population yet has 26 percent of the worlds runoff. The Amazon River alone carries 15 percent of the earths runoff but is accessible to only 0.4 percent of the worlds population (Postel, 1997). However, As ia receives 80% of its runoff between May and October (Lomberg, 2001) sometimes creating floods such as in Bangladesh leading to pollution and the result of a resource turning into a disease manifesting problem. Diagram one indicates the variation in freshwater availability across the globe.Diagram one: Availability of Freshwater in 2000.Although humans only need around 2 litres of water a day to survive we require much more to water our crops, supply industry and help to create energy as shown in diagram two.Diagram two: Evolution of Global Water UseThe hydrologist Malin Falkenmark established an approximate minimum requirement of freshwater known as the water stress index based on the quantity required to maintain an adequate quality of life in a moderately developed country in an arid zone based on the total of household (municipal) use plus agricultural, industrial and energy generating usage(Lomberg, 2001). This level is 1,700 m3 per person per annum of renewable freshwater ava ilability, below that a population may be considered to be experiencing water stress, below 1,000 m3 per person, the population faces water scarcity (UNEP, 2002). Water stress is shown in diagram three as withdrawal relative to availability by country.Diagram three: Freshwater Stress 1995 ; 2025More People, Less WaterHumans and nature alike have learned to adapt to variations in freshwater availability. We have built water storage in the form of giant dams and developed different irrigation systems to suit local climate. Why then, as diagram three suggests is water stress forecast to increase? The answer is simple: population growth. World population increased 42% from 3.8 billion to 5.4 billion between the 1970s and 1990s whilst water usage increased 300% in the same time frame (Wood, 2003). No-one knows what the population will be in the future but the United Nations Population Division (2003) notes that a figure of 8.9 billion is the most likely with a low prediction figure of 7. 4 and a high of 12.8 by 2050 from our current position of 6.3 billion. Water resources, as previously noted, will remain the same.This leaves us with a position of less freshwater availability per capita. Whats more is that the greatest predicted growth is in the developing countries, those which have the least resources to tackle these issues and sometimes the least availability of freshwater resources.Another factor to consider here is that historically economic development has incurred huge increases in water use and so a combination of population growth and economic development could really change the water consumption patterns of many countries. Growing populations also need more food, industry and energy all of which require water. Globally, people now use about 35% of their accessible supply (Postel, 2001) and some predict by 2025 we could be appropriating 80% of the total accessible water in rivers and aquifers (in view of expected pollution loads and their dilution needs) ( Falkenmark, 1998). It is these increases in water withdrawal and usage that have led to speculation of up to 40% on the world population living in water stress or scarce situations come 2025 (Houlder, 2003).As shown in diagram three, many African countries appear not be suffering from water stress and yet we know many have suffered drought related famine in the past. How can this be? Water availability is not simply a matter of location. Economics and power relations also play a large role. Here in the UK we pay suppliers who deliver our water direct to our homes treated and safe to drink. In many countries, including those African nations, people have to collect their own water sometimes walking for hours a day to collect enough to supply their families. The poor are often those that suffer the most whether that be living the furthest away from a water source or having to work the driest land with little hope of raising the funds to buy the technology that could increase their fres hwater supply such as water stores or irrigation pipes. These are the people least likely to have property rights over water resources.DevelopmentFor all its increases in water use development can also bring water saving technology. Once a population has developed an ability to manufacture or trade for technology it may be in a position to exploit new resources and/or make significant reductions in usage of existing resources. Examples of these include Kuwait and Israel. Kuwait with its vast resources of oil and natural wealth has the power to buy technology to deal with its crippling natural water shortages. With only 30 litres available per capita per day (Lomberg, 2001) Kuwait really is a water poor nation but its economic wealth allows for the development and procurement of technology and as such more than half of all supplies come from desalination of sea water which is a costly process requiring large amounts of energy, just the thing Kuwait has (Lomberg, 2001).Israel manages its low water resources efficiently by both use of drip irrigation and recycling of household water for irrigation (Lomberg, 2001). However, Israel compliments this by importing large amounts of grain, 87% (Lomberg, 2001), as a way of indirectly importing water. One ton of grain requires 1,000 tones of water to grow, likewise the ratio of chicken to water by tons ratio is 1:3500 , beef 1:10,000 and perhaps most astonishingly cotton 1:17,000. (Wood, 2003). This trade of embedded water, if able, is a clever way of changing a populations water usage. Land use, trade ability and technology all then affect the efficient use of water and what use this resource is acquired for.Inability to trade for food and lack of technology could explain why the poorest countries use 90% of their water fro agriculture compared to the 37% of the richest countries (Lomberg, 1998). This further exemplifies the divide between the rich and the poor more as a factor of freshwater availability rather than geog raphical location. Christian Aid journalist Andrew Pendleton puts it, The only water that is available to many poor people free of charge lies in festering pools and contains killer diseases such as cholera. (Howard, 2003). Howard (2003) goes on to note diseases caused by unsanitary water kill 5 to 12 million people a year.Management and mismanagementAs early as the sixth century BC civilisations in Egypt and Mesopotamia have been managing water both for irrigation and flood control (Mather ; Chapman, 1995). Irrigation as part of the Green Revolution has allowed for 40% of the worlds harvest to be grown on only 17% of the cultivated land (Lydon, 1999) as thus in essence allowed world population to grow to the size it is today. However, with all our technology many irrigation systems waste between 60% and 80% of all water (Lomberg, 2001) and when agriculture accounts for 70% of all water diverted from rivers or pumped from underground (Ecologist, 2004) that amounts to a lot of water and an unsustainable loss in changing times.Diagram two displays the waste water associated with agriculture. Through trial and error we have also learned the many pitfalls of water diversion and storage. The most classic example must be that of the Aral sea, an enormous saline lake near Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, which has decreased in volume by 66% over the last 30 years due to irrigation extraction upstream (Strahler Strahler, 2000). It is important to realise that this and other such events do not just amount to a loss of water but also to a loss of livelihoods, in this case that of the local fishermen, and a loss or change in the biodiversity (in the Aral Sea salinity increases killed many of the resident species).The Way ForwardThe issue of water security has been on the international agenda since the 70s with the UN water conference at Mar del Plata in 1977 being perhaps the first to seriously influence national policies calling for priority in the supply of safe drinking wa ter and sanitation services to all people and also for national water resource assessment (UNDP, 1998). This second point is most important as the effective management of water resources requires accurate data on those resources. When looking at country resources it is important to note a further complication that takes us back to the geography of water, river basins are not confined by international boundaries.In fact 214 of the worlds river or lake basins, accommodating 40% of the worlds population are shared by two or more countries (Mather Chapman). Thus any effective global water strategy must be holistic to be truly effective. The first World Water Development Report was published last year (2003) on the back on the 3rd World Water Forum held in Japan the same year, the International Year of Freshwater. It notes the complexity of managing this global resource and under the heading Challenge 11: Governing Water Wisely for Sustainable Development it states thatit is agreed that the basic principles of effective governance include: participation by all stakeholders, transparency, equity, accountability, coherence, responsiveness, integration and ethical issues.ConclusionThere are pessimists and optimists creating predictions for the future state of the worlds freshwater resources, in truth only time will tell. There are many hurdles to overcome along the way, not least of all climate change and the myriad of potential changes that may have on the hydrological cycle. Humankind will need to be dynamic, imaginative, holistic and committed to achieve the sustainable development of freshwater resources. And so perhaps the question should not be will we run out of water? but will we learn to manage this precious resource in an integrated and sustainable fashion allowing equitable access to all?

Best Places to Sell Used Textbooks Online

Best Places to Sell Used Textbooks Online Selling Used Textbooks Textbooks are very expensive. With most books costing $100 or more each, its not unheard of for students to spend well over $1,000 on textbooks during their academic career. And once youre done with a textbook, what do you do with it? Some schools offer a buyback program that will take your textbooks back and give you cash in return. Unfortunately, they rarely pay top dollar, which means you might take a considerable loss. A second option is to sell your used textbooks online. This latter option might just put a few more dollars back into your pocket. Get tips on how to sell used textbooks for cash. Where to Sell Used Textbooks There are a number of places to sell used textbooks online. Some of them allow you to sell directly to buyers, and others sell the books for you so that you can put a significant sum of money in your pocket without doing a lot of work.   Before selling any of your used textbooks, you should take time to compare the different prices you will get from the various outlets that sell books. Of course, you dont want to get too carried away with the comparison if you dont have a lot of time on your hands. There are tons of sites that buy used textbooks; you could spend hours comparing prices on just one book. Youre better off making a list of options and checking those sites in particular.  Some of the best places to sell use textbooks include: Amazon - You can sell your textbooks on Amazon when you sign up for a free account.BetterWorldBooks - You can sell or donate your books to this site. BetterWorld pays the shipping.BIGWORDS - Get up to 75 percent of your money back when you use BIGWORDs buyback comparison tool.Blue Rectangle - This site pays the shipping when you sell your used textbooks to them.Book Scouter - Use this site to find the website that will buy your used textbooks for the highest price.BookByte - You can get instant quotes and free shipping when you sell used textbooks on BookByte.BooksIntoCash - This long-established site offers fast payment and free shipping to students who want to get rid of old textbooks.BooksValue.com - This site buys used textbooks from both students and faculty.Cash 4 Books - You can receive payment within three business days when you sell used textbooks to this website.CKY Books - CKY will send you payment within 24 to 48 hours of receiving your used textbooks.CollegeSmarts - You can sell and trade your used textbooks on CollegeSmarts. Craigslist - Craigslist is a great place to sell anythingtextbooks are no exception.eBay - On eBay, you can set a reserve and get the price you need for your used textbooks.eCampus - This site offers great buyback prices and free UPS shipping.eTextShop.com - This site guarantees the most money for your used textbooks. Other perks include free shipping and fast payment.Half.com - This eBay site is a great place to sell used textbooks.Kijiji - This classifieds site is a good place to sell used textbooks and other school supplies.MoneyForBooks.com - Get free shipping labels, fast payment, and other perks from this site.SellBackBooks - This site offers instant quotes and fast payment with direct deposits.Textbook Buyer - You can sell used textbooks, manuals and other study materials through Textbook Buyer.TextbookX.com - This site pays 200 percent more than bookstores that buy textbooks.Valore Books - Valore is known for having some of the highest buyback prices.

Memory Leak Notification in Delphi on Program Exit

Memory Leak Notification in Delphi on Program Exit All Delphi versions since Delphi 2006 have an updated memory manager that is faster and more feature rich. One of the nicest features of the new memory manager allows applications to register (and unregister) expected memory leaks, and optionally report unexpected memory leaks on program shutdown. When creating WIN32 applications with Delphi it is imperative to make sure that you free all the objects (memory) you create dynamically. A memory (or resource) leak occurs when the program loses the ability to free the memory it consumes. Report Memory Leaks on Shutdown Memory leak detecting and reporting are set to false by default. To enable it, you need to set the global variable ReportMemoryLeaksOnShutdown to TRUE. When the application is closed, if there are unexpected memory leaks the application will display the Unexpected Memory Leak dialog box. The best place for the ReportMemoryLeaksOnShutdown would be in the programs source code (dpr) file. begin   Ã‚  ReportMemoryLeaksOnShutdown : DebugHook 0;   Ã‚  //source by Delphi   Ã‚  Application.Initialize;   Ã‚  Application.MainFormOnTaskbar : True;   Ã‚  Application.CreateForm(TMainForm, MainForm) ;   Ã‚  Application.Run; end. Note: a global variable DebugHook is used above to make sure memory leaks are displayed when the application is run in debug mode - when you fit F9 from the Delphi IDE. Test Drive: Memory Leak Detection Having ReportMemoryLeaksOnShutdown set to TRUE, add the following code in the main forms OnCreate event handler. var   Ã‚  sl : TStringList; begin   Ã‚  sl : TStringList.Create;   Ã‚  sl.Add(Memory leak!) ; end; Run the application in debug mode, exit the application - you should see the memory leak dialog box. Note: If you are looking for a tool to catch your Delphi application errors such as memory corruption, memory leaks, memory allocation errors, variable initialization errors, variable definition conflicts, pointer errors ... take a look at madExcept and EurekaLog Delphi Tips Navigator Date Time SQL Queries: Formatting Date Time Values for Access SQL in DelphiForce TListViews Edit Mode using a Keyboard Shortcut

Factors contributing to Greece Financial crisis Dissertation

Factors contributing to Greece Financial crisis - Dissertation Example There was a wide margin of money supply circulated in the economy versus the available increases in money supply that remained in banks. Another major discovery was a wide gap between importations and exports. Imports exceeded exports by the billions of dollars each year. Yet the ECB, EU, and IMF did not recommend drastic reduction in the importations. Instead, these financial organizations recommended retrenchments of government employees. The budget defitis could have been drastically reduced by simply cutting down substantial imports of goods that people in Greece can readily produce. But the financial system needs reforms in the sense that entrepreneurs with feasible business projects should be given priority over Investment Banking activities of banks. This dissertation recommends further impartial investigation into the banking operations in terms of the loans or funding of businesses in order to eliminate the public’s doubt over the banking system of withholding substan tial funds from the needed productivity of the country. Retrenchment of employees should be the last option in finding ways to fix the budget deficit annually. At this point in time, excessive importations valued at 200% of all exports, would be the first priority for the cutting of dollar outflows. And the top positive step should be development of probably profitable businesses such as those beind supplied by other countries into Greece. It is not conclusive that the root causes of the Greece financial crisis is overspending of government, overstaffing, and excessive debt servicing. This is because of the lack of transparency of banks in terms of disclosing where the substantial funds were loaned and how much they earned or lost. Table of Contents Introduction A. Overview of the Greece Financial Crisis B. Problem Statement C. Hypothesis D. Research Limitations Aims, Specific Objectives, & Purposes Significance of the Study Literature Review Methodology Findings Discussion & Analys is of Findings Conclusions Recommendations Appendix References Introduction Overview Greece financial crisis as of the present had just experienced a substantial debt default in March 2012 and a redemption from that default through a debt sale via bidding in August 2012. Mead and Paris (2012) reported the successful auction of bonds representing debts to the ECB wherein $ 5 billion was raised â€Å"to redeem â‚ ¬ 3.1 in bonds held by th ECB† (equivalent to less than $ 4 billion). The Bank of Cyprus had been buying Greek bonds for years with undisclosed or mysterious reasons, according to Kambas et. al. (2013). That redemption from debt default is far from solving the many aspects of financial crisis of Greece, which has lasted for over a decade up to the present. This dissertation looks into the many difficult economic situations of Greece – annual budget deficits, heavy indebtedness, very high unemployment rates, low industrial productivity, low consumer confidence , and more – making the country very popular as a poor performer among members of the European Union. Greece Problem Defined What brought about the financial crisis of Greece over the years? How did the nation get to be heavily indebted with nearly half a trillion dollars worth of bonds payable to some countries, mainly France,

A Strategic Plan of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University Essay

A Strategic Plan of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University - Essay Example From the report it is clear that the disadvantages experienced in strategic planning of institutions of higher learning will also be mentioned and analyzed, as they will be relevant in this review. Besides, the pros of strategic planning with reference to the plan of the institution will be discussed in various ways. An overall analysis of how an institution can exhibit the balance between the planning and achieving a sustainable quality improvement will also be done. All these analyses will be specific to the Hong Kong polytechnic university in relation to the learnt concepts, strategic planning, and management. As the study declares strategic planning can be defined as a way in which an organization establishes a way forward for its efficient operations. As such, this should be in a given order depending on the context of application. In this case, the application of the plan is in an institution of higher learning. This document, therefore, is focusing on the ways in which an organization can be managed through strategic planning. An analysis of the model of the plan will be done and views as per other professional suggestions given. The review of the main aims of the institution in general in relation to the arrangement of various departments will also be done. It is certain that the organization of reference here is a perpetual institution. Thus, the strategies put in place to ensure its long term existence and operation in line with the objectives will be looked into.

The Concepts Of Alternative Dispute Resolution Law Essay

The Concepts Of Alternative Dispute Resolution Law Essay The coursework question is relates with the concept of Alternative dispute resolution. This coursework question is also linked with relationship between ADR, CPR 1998 and EU Directive regarding the matter of Mediation. The comment of Lord Rodger of Earlsferry is a significant part of this coursework. In my coursework I will chronologically discuss the History of ADR, its relationship with Civil Procedure Rules(thereafter CPR), Its implementation in the Courts, Judges attitude on various cases and its impact on European Court of Human Rights (thereafter ECHR) especially in the Art-6. Present situation in legal area and possible probabilities in the future. Alternative dispute resolution (thereafter ADR) is a way of trying to melt civil dispute. The concept of ADR arose mainly from a negative cause such as, dissatisfaction with the delays, costs and inadequacies of litigation process. It is the process of resolving disputes in place of litigation. The most common classification is to describe ADR as a structured dispute resolution process with third party intervention which does not impose a legally binding outcome on the parties.  [1]  It is one kind of facilitated settlement, which is confidential and without prejudice. So the materials of the process need not usually be disclosed to a court  [2]  . The simplest forms of ADR to understand are mediation and conciliation. Some important providers of ADR include arbitration within the ambit of ADR since it is an alternative to litigation in the courts. Others would exclude arbitration on the basis that it is a legal process, the outcome of which is binding. Parties to a dispute have always been able to refer their dispute to arbitration which is a far older and more formal means of dispute resolution than either mediation or conciliation.  [3]   In the 1970s the concept of modern development of ADR established in the United States because of high cost and long delays of litigating business disputes. ADR was playing an increasingly useful part in the commercial area to dissolve some disadvantages of highly expensive and strict adversarial system. In late 1990s the civil justice system in England and Wales go through a massive revolution. Especially Lord Woolf creates a significant impact regarding the matter of ADR in his enormous report, Access to Justice. His view implemented in a amazingly short time by the civil procedure rules 1998 and the Access to justice Act 1999. These changes introduce a new dimension in the culture of litigation. There are different types of ADR used in commercial disputes such as, Arbitration, Conciliation, Mediation, Ombudsmen etc. Arbitration, Conciliation and Mediation is the most famous procedure from all of them. Arbitration has the force of law and generally an arbitrators decision called an award which can be enforced in the courts just as a judgment of the court.  [4]  Section 1 of Arbitration Act 1996 introduced some specific rules and regulations regarding this process such as impartial tribunal, un-necessary delay and expenses.  [5]  Conciliation is quite parallel with the concept of mediation. In that process conciliators offer in return not to try the case but this is rarely taken up. The process is mandatory in Switzerland. Mediation is the most famous and accepted method of ADR in England and Wales. It is quick, non-binding, without prejudice and confidential. In that process a mediator acts as a go-between to dissolve the dispute and wants to make a settlement. The mediator must be a neutral party. Mediation is about much more than just assisted without prejudice negotiations but confidentiality and privilege are the very cornerstones of the success of mediation. Parties to mediation need to be sure that what they say in mediation and documents produced for the mediation will not become public knowledge or become evidence in proceedings, whether litigation, arbitration or adjudication.  [6]  There are varieties of reason to choosing mediation over other ways of dispute resolution such as; A less expensive route to follow for dissolves the dispute. It offers a confidential process. It offers multiple and flexible possibilities for resolving a dispute This process consists of a mutual endeavour. It takes place with the aid of a mediator who is a neutral third party. If we analyse the whole process of ADR then we will find that the most significant criteria of this process is the term Confidentiality. This term significantly increase the parties interest regarding the matter of ADR. Confidentiality is integral to the relationship between the mediator and the parties are one of the four fundamental and universal characteristics of mediation. It is the cornerstone of the relationship of trust and that must exist between the mediator and the parties. It is crucial to the voluntariness of participation of the parties and to the impartiality of the mediator. The parties must not feel that they might be disadvantaged by any disclosure that may be used in legal proceedings or in any other way  [7]  In the coursework Question the statement is relates with the matter of mediation. Now i will discuss about mediation and its relationship with CPR 1998, cases and judgement of the courts and the impact of EU Directive. There was no defined overriding objective for civil justice when ADR orders were devised by the commercial court judges. CPR pt 1 has now identified ADR as one of the courts tools of active case management available to achieve that objective.  [8]  Lord Woolf provides significant impact on ADR especially on mediation on his reforms proposal. His aim was given prominent status in the courts new case management powers. Especially in , CPR 1.4 There are some important rules incorporated in the CPR1998 regarding the matter of Mediation or other form of dispute resolution such as, r-1.1(2), 1.3, 1.4, 3.1(2)(m), 26.4(1), 44 etc Rules-1.1(2) provides that mater must be dealing with justly manner if it is practicable. There are some element has to be consider in this part such as, parties must be in equal footing, saving expenses, matters must be dealings proportionately, matter must be deal with expeditiously and fairly.  [9]  Rules-1.3 provides that parties are required to help the court to further the overriding objective. It also provides general duty of the parties.  [10]  Rules-1.4 provides about courts duty towards the parties where stated that court must further the overriding objective by actively managing cases which includes encouraging the parties to co-operate each other, identify the issues in early stage, helping the parties to settle the whole or part of case.  [11]  Rules 3.1(2)(m) stated about general powers of management of the courts where court can take any step to uphold and furthering the overriding objective.  [12]  Rules-26.4(1) stated that parties can request for stay ed. Court can grant their request if they think appropriate.  [13]  Rules-44 provides general rules about the costs of the procedure such as; cost are payable by one party to another, amount of those cost, when to be paid etc. In r-44.3(2)(a)where stated that unsuccessful party will be ordered to pay the costs of the successful party but court can make different order.  [14]   The significant impact of CPR 1998 regarding the matter of dispute resolution could be found in some cases. In the case of Dyson Field exors of Lawrence Twohey deed vs Leeds City Council,  [15]  Ward LJ stated that matter relates with overriding objective of the CPR and courts duty to manage cases according to rule 1.4 of CPR. He also stated court should encourage the parties. In the case of R vs Plymouth City Council  [16]  , where Lord Woolf has given more emphasize on CPR and he also suggested that mediation should get the priority over the litigation. So we can say that modern CPR rules create a significant impact on the matter of dispute resolution. Judges always give emphasize on the matter of ADR in order to save the cost and time. Courts also began to give warnings and issue advice at the conclusion of cases that parties should seriously consider ADR or run the risk of costs penalty. Now i will discuss some relevant cases and judgement which will provide the legal approaches regarding the matter of mediation In the case of Dyson Field vs Leeds city Council  [17]  , Lord Woolf was a member of the CA. The matter was related with mediation where Ward LJ said that court should encourage the parties to use ADR to dissolve their matter and it also should be sooner rather than later. There is another important case which is Cowl vs Plymouth City Council  [18]  , Lord Woolf has given a lead judgement regarding commercial court ADR order. He delivered powerful comment on both parties failure to use an available ADR process and the delay and cost of violently contested of judicial review proceedings. He also stated that if the parties dont go for the mediation then it would be wastage of public money. There are case Hurst vs Leeming  [19]  , where Lightman J. Stated that alternative dispute resolution is at the heart of todays civil justice system although mediation is not in law mandatory but its a significant and attractive aspect of civil justice system. There is another landmark case Dunnett vs Railtrack  [20]  , case regarding the matter of penalty impose for not taking mediation. Mrs Dennett lost her horse because contractors cant padlock the gate. She sued for compensation but lost in the county court because her lawyer wrongly framed the case. She appealed in person and she gets the permission to appeal. Schiemann LJ suggested for mediation but the Realtrack rejected this offer despite the fact that CA offered a free mediation scheme. CA expressed regret about this. They considered whether Realtrack had made Pt 36 offers. Mrs Dennett was unsuccessful. Then Railtrack asked for their costs but CA made a separate judgement on this cost issue. CA held that Railtrack co uldnt recover their cost because they had refused to participate in ADR. So judgement of Railtrack case gets lots of controversy because the party faced adverse cost consequences, even they win the trial. Despite this case mediation is not mandatory or nor it should be because part of the mediation process is that the parties should want to come voluntarily in the process. If mediation becomes mandatory then there is a great chance to lose it significant aspect. In the recent case cost sanction issue raised once again in Halsey v Milton; Steel v Joy (joint Appeal)  [21]  ,in this case the actual fact was if any party ignoring to mediate the dispute which was requested by an inter-party then cost sanctions should be imposed or not. Dyson L.J held the court cannot require a party to proceed to mediation against his will as this would contravene art.6 of the European Convention on Human Rights. The court did however; confirm that costs consequences could follow from unreasonable failures to mediate.  [22]  But it was not clear whether the court take this point because this point was submitted in the last minute. On 21 May 2008, the Directive 2008/52/EC on certain aspects of mediation in civil and commercial matters was adopted. Article 1 state the aim of the directive is to facilitate access to alternative dispute resolution and to promote the amicable settlement of disputes by encouraging the use of mediation and by ensuring a balanced relationship between mediation and judicial proceedings.Article: 3 of the EU directive provide the definition of mediation as a structured process whereby two or more parties to a dispute attempt by themselves, on a voluntary basis, to reach an agreement on the settlement on their dispute with the assistance of a mediator. Article: 5 of the EU directive provide discretionary power to courts to invite the parties to use mediation to settle their dispute. Article: 6 of the EU directive states that a written mediation settlement may be declare enforceable if all the parties agree to the process. Article: 7 of the EU directive provide reasonable support regarding the matter of guaranteeing the Confidentiality of the mediation process. The Directives basically suggested the state parties to make the laws to encourage the parties to do mediation by the court, not by compulsion. The directive states, the directive applies to civil and commercial matters, and is intended to promote mediation, and ensure a sound relationship between mediation and judicial proceedings.  [23]  EU Parliament and council agreed the Directive to encourage the use of mediation because its a quicker procedure to a civil litigation and cost effective for cross-border commercial disputes. According to the coursework question now this essay will justify the statement which is provided by Lord Rodger of Earlsferry regarding the matter of mediation. Obliging parties to engage in some form of mediation whether as a pre-condition to going to court or as a result of compulsion by the court, seems to berather contrary to the spirit of the guarantee in Article 6 of the European convention for the protection human Rights  [24]   In that above statement he has given more emphasize on present situation of mediation and its application on the Art 6 of ECHR. According to that statement present mediation procedure is quite contrary with the concept of Right to a fair trial. ECHR adopted into English Law from 2 October 2000 as a result of the HRA 1998. Art 6 of ECHR is quite interlinking with ADR. Now the main issue is whether the present procedure of mediation is violating the Art 6 of ECHR or not. Tthe statement of Lord Rodger of Earlsferry is not quite relevant with the present situation of mediation. There are present some reason behind this. Mediation is not a mandatory procedure in our legal system but it has got a special significant aspect after the Woolf reforms 1998. Mediation agreement often specifically state that, The referral of the dispute to mediation does not affect any rights that may exist under Art 6 of ECHR. If the dispute is not settled by the mediation, the parties rights to a fair trial remain unaffected. It is true that EU court encourages parties to settle disputes extra-judicially because it will save cost, time, delay etc. In the matter of mediation court can intervene in the process to protect the right to trial such as; if there is any undue pressure upon a party into a non-judicial process. In the case of Deweer v Belgium  [25]  , the matter related with the debate about whether mandating mediation is permissible or not. Deweer could avoid such proceedings by paying a friendly settlement. He chooses settlement but reserved his right to challenge the proceedings. Then he initiated a challenge regarding the matter of Art 6 of ECHR. Deweer held to have waived his right to go to court only by reason of restraint which vitiate d his consent to paying the friendly settlement.  [26]   In process of mediation, no one is restrained to settle. Participation is entirely voluntary; any hidden matter of the parties or procedure cant later be discussed before a trial or elsewhere because of confidentiality. No one ever enters the process on the basis that they must settle or if they dont that then cant seek remedy from public court. Mediation is not like the status as arbitration because it totally depends on the parties will. In McVicar vs UK  [27]  , EU court has held that Art 6 is not infringed by restraint court access to vexatious litigants, bankrupts, mental patients. In CPR1998 there is lots of provision which should be maintained by the parties before going to any public trial. Before proceeding parties must fulfil some pre-action protocols and practice direction then party must pay court fees at several stages. Parties also need to fulfil other procedural requirement such as; allocation questionnaires, statement of case, disclosure and evidence. In R vs Lord Chancellor exparte witham  [28]  . The matter regarded breach of Art 6 because of withdrawal of court fees exemption scheme for those on income support. So if anyone doesnt follow those procedures regarding CPR they will be liable and they may get punishment or imprisonment. So it seems that these CPR requirement doing breaches Art 6 because parties have to maintain some rules and provision against their wish and will. Now if these are not breach of Art 6 then why ordering of mediation would be breach of Art 6. In Golder v UK  [29]  , it was held that ADR approved in CPR Pt1, where stated a mediation is not breach of such requirements. In Deweer  [30]  case also confirmed that this dispute process is not breach of Art 6 rights. Its clear from the Halsey  [31]  case that mediation must always be voluntary under English Law. Court or judge to order mediation would be a possible breach of Art 6(1) of European convention. If we analyse all of the cases then two significant points would be come out. They are, Forced by a judge into ADR Strongly encouraged towards ADR First approach is likely to violate Art 6, as Halsey confirms. But the second approach is not clear, is immune from challenge under the convention as jack J said summarising in Halsey, the fear of costs sanctions may be used to remove unmerited settlements  [32]  . To distinct between Voluntary and Coerced ADR in this background is hard to draw with certainty. Jack J suggested in Carleton v Strutt Parker  [33]   A litigant who is landed with an unfavourable costs order for failing to agree to ADR goes to mediation at the courts suggestion but is afterwards stigmatised as failing to participate in good faith, could reasonably claim that this outcome operates as obstruct or fetter on the right of access to the court, contrary to Art 6, and that their apparent consent to ADR was no waiver of their fundamental rights now directly enforceable in English Law under the HRA 1998  [34]  . The evidence supporting the use of mandatory mediation is mixed. Central London County Court saw a enormous increase in mediations following Dunnett case, but the settlement rate also consistency declined during that period  [35]  . If judges apply too much pressure, the overriding objectives of the CPR may not be achieved its goal to lower the settlement rates with wasted cost and time but some pressure is needed to ensure that parties should consider mediation as an option but this pressure is less needed than it once was because the legal profession involved in construction litigation now knows the benefits of mediation. Although many countries those have strong conscious about human rights and constitutional rights introduce conciliation or settlement conference chaired by judges in their legal system. This can be called Courts mandate mediation. So by this process they want to put mediation within court process which would be more acceptable regarding the matter of conventional rights. In the Halsey case CA held that court cannot proceed a mediation process against the parties will which would be contrary to the Art 6 of ECHR but in the case of Shirayama Shokusan Co. Ltd v Danovo Ltd  [36]  , court issued a mediation order even though one party was unwilling. CPR r. 1.4(2)(e) emphasised to encourage the parties to use alternative dispute resolution. Sir Anthony Clarke  [37]  states that Court has the power to order compulsory mediation and he also said that Halsey decision was a obiter so there was a chance for the judges to make compulsory mediation order. He also suggested that courts have a jurisdiction to order mediation process under the CPR. Sir Gavin Lightman also expressed his view on behalf of the mediation process. Sir Anthony Colman  [38]  states that there is a close relationship between the court and mediation. He also states that mediation process is not mandatory. Lord Philips  [39]  states that in adversarial litigation there are lots of complications such as; solicitor fees, court fees, defendant is faced with a huge bill for the claimants cost and insurance, delay and complex procedure, disproportionate cost etc. According to him ADR is quite reasonable and flexible procedure because it does not have any additional difficulties. He also states that court order to the parties for mediation is not infringe Art 6 of ECHR. Lord Philips, Sir Anthony Colman and Sir Gavin Lightman are the supporter of mediation process because litigation process has lots of disadvantages and mediation process has flexible, time saving, cost saving and confidential process which is reasonable for the parties as well as for the society. Although EU directives contain some provision where state that court must encourage the parties to use mediation process to settle their disputes. Some cases like Cowl, Dunnett and Halsey cases where maximum of the judges held that parties should use mediation voluntarily rather than mandatory and court always encourage the parties to take this procedure. Although in some cases there was some controversy but different judges has given their views regarding this matter and maximum of them supported the procedure of existing mediation procedure. So at last it can be said that the present procedure of mediation is not obliging the parties but encourages them to further overriding objective of t he court.

How Television Shapes Our Mind Essay

The television has displaced reading and thus inhibits the growth of reading skills. Watching TV requires less mental effort than reading. Television makes things tangible, while reading demands symbolic representation of language. While television maximizes the use of saliency(bright colors, loud noise, zoom) that appeals more to the right-brain hemisphere, reading depends on the understanding of syntax and the relatively slower, sequential processing of information-the of the left-hemisphere. There is an alarming increase in cases of dyslexia-the inability to read. Reading is a laborious task compared to watching TV. Recognizing the differences in letters, combining to words, distinguishing the order, comprehending the sentence, connecting to the next one etc. If a kid is raised on a TV diet, who finds reading or schooling attractive? Children who never learn to process language without pictures attached will have difficulty in school. Furthermore, writing ability correlates positively with the number of books read.TV viewing diminishes the quality of intellectual output (Source: Philippine Daily Inquirer May 21, 2000) Questions based on the above paragraphs must have been formulated in mind after the survey. Write your questions that vary as to 5 W’s and H. The first sample question is already provided. 1. What two ideas are contrasted in the first paragraph? 2. How does television displace the reading and communication skills? 3. What are the advantage and disadvantage of television in reading and communications skills? 4. Why reading is become a laborious task compared to watching TV? 5. How watching TV requires less mental effort than reading? 6. Why television viewing diminishes the quality of intellectual output? Read the two excerpts now completely, and highlight key ideas. Write below five important concepts in the left column then, describe each briefly in the right column. Highlighted Ideas Brief description 1. TV makes things tangible while reading. Through television we can easily see things we want to know while reading needs deep understanding on what we are reading to comprehend it. 2. Reading is a laborious. When we read, it requires time and effort to understand it compared when we are watching, it is easy to understand because we can visualize the idea. 3. TV viewing diminishes the quality of intellectual output. It means that by TV viewing it decreases the quality of learning and skills to be developed. In addition it weakens the mental abilities of a person to continue on the quest of learning. 4. Writing ability correlates positively with the number of books read. As long as the person understand what he is reading he can come up on writing a purposeful piece that will benefit readers 5. Watching TV requires less mental effort than reading†¦ It is a mere fact because the aid of TV viewing it provides definite description of the characters and other things by its feature, color, dynamic, audio-associated and the like, thus it results on negligence to explore and strengthen the true essence of learning. 6. An alarming increase in cases of dyslexia-the inability to read. Children who expose more on learning through watching TV had difficulties in oral and reading communication because they are more known with visual presentation.

Whats Your Learning Language

Article Summary of Lefkowitzs Meditation Made Easy

An article summary of Lefkowitzs Meditation made easy Lefkowitz, F. (2010). Meditation made easy. Natural Health, 40(7), 68-72. Citing advice from some of the worlds leading meditation instructors, Lefkowitz provides a detailed and practical guide on the importance and method of meditation, a tried and true way to calm your mind (68). In fact, the article reads like a manual, complete with the question-answer style of a teacher instructing a class. The author does not treat the topic of meditation in a simplistic way, as if there were only one way to meditate for one type of person, but outlines several ways to meditate for people of different abilities and tastes. For example, Lefkowitz tellsmulti-taskers who find prolonged periods of concentration difficult to find a practice style thats right for you (68). These practice styles, including their goals and method, are the substance of this article, and include basic breathing meditation, mindfulness meditation, listening meditation, mantra meditation, and walking meditation (Lefkowitz 2010, 68-72). The goal for meditation in general is to focus on one thing in order to deepen your awareness of the present moment (68). Lefkowitz argues for the medical benefits of meditation, particularly that it can boost the immune system, improve circulation, lower cholesterol, ease chronic pain, end insomnia, counter anxiety, relieve gastrointestinal distress and actually extend your lifespan (68). Basic breathing